Title |
Graphene quantum dots as autophagy-inducing photodynamic agents
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Published in |
Clinical Materials, July 2012
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DOI | 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.060 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Zoran M. Markovic, Biljana Z. Ristic, Katarina M. Arsikin, Djordje G. Klisic, Ljubica M. Harhaji-Trajkovic, Biljana M. Todorovic-Markovic, Dejan P. Kepic, Tamara K. Kravic-Stevovic, Svetlana P. Jovanovic, Marina M. Milenkovic, Dusan D. Milivojevic, Vladimir Z. Bumbasirevic, Miroslav D. Dramicanin, Vladimir S. Trajkovic |
Abstract |
The excellent photoluminescent properties of graphene quantum dots (GQD) makes them suitable candidates for biomedical applications, but their cytotoxicity has not been extensively studied. Here we show that electrochemically produced GQD irradiated with blue light (470 nm, 1W) generate reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen, and kill U251 human glioma cells by causing oxidative stress. The cell death induced by photoexcited GQD displayed morphological and/or biochemical characteristics of both apoptosis (phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation) and autophagy (formation of autophagic vesicles, LC3-I/LC3-II conversion, degradation of autophagic target p62). Moreover, a genetic inactivation of autophagy-essential LC3B protein partly abrogated the photodynamic cytotoxicity of GQD. These data indicate potential usefulness of GQD in photodynamic therapy, but also raise concerns about their possible toxicity. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 2 | <1% |
Serbia | 2 | <1% |
China | 2 | <1% |
India | 1 | <1% |
Iran, Islamic Republic of | 1 | <1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
Malaysia | 1 | <1% |
Poland | 1 | <1% |
Belgium | 1 | <1% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 261 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 69 | 25% |
Researcher | 51 | 19% |
Student > Master | 39 | 14% |
Student > Postgraduate | 14 | 5% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 12 | 4% |
Other | 45 | 16% |
Unknown | 43 | 16% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Chemistry | 46 | 17% |
Materials Science | 32 | 12% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 26 | 10% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 25 | 9% |
Physics and Astronomy | 22 | 8% |
Other | 60 | 22% |
Unknown | 62 | 23% |