Title |
The emerging field of osteoimmunology
|
---|---|
Published in |
Immunologic Research, January 2009
|
DOI | 10.1007/s12026-009-8093-x |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Kofi A. Mensah, Jie Li, Edward M. Schwarz |
Abstract |
Recent studies have elucidated unanticipated connections between the immune and skeletal systems, and this relationship has led to the development of a new field known as osteoimmunology. The goal of research in this field is to: (1) further understand how the bone microenvironment influences immune cell ontogeny and subsequent effector functions, and (2) translate basic science findings in bone biology to clinical applications for autoimmune diseases that target the skeleton such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this review, we will examine the recent findings of the interplay between the immune and skeletal systems. This discussion will focus on the cells and signaling pathways in osteoimmune interactions and how innate and adaptive immune effector cells as well as cytokines and chemokines play a role in the maintenance and dysregulation of skeletal-immune homeostasis. We will also discuss how immunomodulatory biologic drugs, which specifically target these cells and effector molecules, have transformed the treatment of autoimmune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) and metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 3 | 50% |
Mexico | 1 | 17% |
Netherlands | 1 | 17% |
Australia | 1 | 17% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 3 | 50% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 33% |
Scientists | 1 | 17% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 1 | 3% |
United States | 1 | 3% |
Unknown | 32 | 94% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 7 | 21% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 6 | 18% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 4 | 12% |
Student > Bachelor | 4 | 12% |
Professor > Associate Professor | 2 | 6% |
Other | 4 | 12% |
Unknown | 7 | 21% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 16 | 47% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 2 | 6% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 2 | 6% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 2 | 6% |
Engineering | 2 | 6% |
Other | 1 | 3% |
Unknown | 9 | 26% |