Title |
Milk is not just food but most likely a genetic transfection system activating mTORC1 signaling for postnatal growth
|
---|---|
Published in |
Nutrition Journal, July 2013
|
DOI | 10.1186/1475-2891-12-103 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Bodo C Melnik, Swen Malte John, Gerd Schmitz |
Abstract |
Milk has been recognized to represent a functionally active nutrient system promoting neonatal growth of mammals. Cell growth is regulated by the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). There is still a lack of information on the mechanisms of mTORC1 up-regulation by milk consumption. This review presents milk as a materno-neonatal relay system functioning by transfer of preferential amino acids, which increase plasma levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) for mTORC1 activation. Importantly, milk exosomes, which regularly contain microRNA-21, most likely represent a genetic transfection system enhancing mTORC1-driven metabolic processes. Whereas human breast milk is the ideal food for infants allowing appropriate postnatal growth and species-specific metabolic programming, persistent high milk signaling during adolescence and adulthood by continued cow´s milk consumption may promote mTORC1-driven diseases of civilization. |
Twitter Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 10 | 19% |
United Kingdom | 9 | 17% |
Spain | 5 | 10% |
Italy | 2 | 4% |
Germany | 2 | 4% |
Poland | 1 | 2% |
Canada | 1 | 2% |
France | 1 | 2% |
Sweden | 1 | 2% |
Other | 5 | 10% |
Unknown | 15 | 29% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 32 | 62% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 14 | 27% |
Scientists | 6 | 12% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Netherlands | 2 | <1% |
Portugal | 1 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 214 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 50 | 23% |
Student > Master | 35 | 16% |
Student > Bachelor | 32 | 14% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 28 | 13% |
Other | 15 | 7% |
Other | 39 | 18% |
Unknown | 22 | 10% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 70 | 32% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 46 | 21% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 32 | 14% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 26 | 12% |
Neuroscience | 3 | 1% |
Other | 19 | 9% |
Unknown | 25 | 11% |