| Title |
Long term gluten consumption in adults without celiac disease and risk of coronary heart disease: prospective cohort study
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
British Medical Journal, May 2017
|
| DOI | 10.1136/bmj.j1892 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Benjamin Lebwohl, Yin Cao, Geng Zong, Frank B Hu, Peter H R Green, Alfred I Neugut, Eric B Rimm, Laura Sampson, Lauren W Dougherty, Edward Giovannucci, Walter C Willett, Qi Sun, Andrew T Chan |
| Abstract |
Objective To examine the association of long term intake of gluten with the development of incident coronary heart disease.Design Prospective cohort study.Setting and participants 64 714 women in the Nurses' Health Study and 45 303 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study without a history of coronary heart disease who completed a 131 item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1986 that was updated every four years through 2010.Exposure Consumption of gluten, estimated from food frequency questionnaires.Main outcome measure Development of coronary heart disease (fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction).Results During 26 years of follow-up encompassing 2 273 931 person years, 2431 women and 4098 men developed coronary heart disease. Compared with participants in the lowest fifth of gluten intake, who had a coronary heart disease incidence rate of 352 per 100 000 person years, those in the highest fifth had a rate of 277 events per 100 000 person years, leading to an unadjusted rate difference of 75 (95% confidence interval 51 to 98) fewer cases of coronary heart disease per 100 000 person years. After adjustment for known risk factors, participants in the highest fifth of estimated gluten intake had a multivariable hazard ratio for coronary heart disease of 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.88 to 1.02; P for trend=0.29). After additional adjustment for intake of whole grains (leaving the remaining variance of gluten corresponding to refined grains), the multivariate hazard ratio was 1.00 (0.92 to 1.09; P for trend=0.77). In contrast, after additional adjustment for intake of refined grains (leaving the variance of gluten intake correlating with whole grain intake), estimated gluten consumption was associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease (multivariate hazard ratio 0.85, 0.77 to 0.93; P for trend=0.002).Conclusion Long term dietary intake of gluten was not associated with risk of coronary heart disease. However, the avoidance of gluten may result in reduced consumption of beneficial whole grains, which may affect cardiovascular risk. The promotion of gluten-free diets among people without celiac disease should not be encouraged. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 1,272 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 142 | 11% |
| United Kingdom | 132 | 10% |
| Spain | 86 | 7% |
| Canada | 66 | 5% |
| Chile | 37 | 3% |
| Mexico | 34 | 3% |
| France | 33 | 3% |
| Australia | 32 | 3% |
| Thailand | 29 | 2% |
| Other | 173 | 14% |
| Unknown | 508 | 40% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 928 | 73% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 195 | 15% |
| Scientists | 125 | 10% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 23 | 2% |
| Unknown | 1 | <1% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 351 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Germany | 1 | <1% |
| Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
| Brazil | 1 | <1% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
| Poland | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 346 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Researcher | 51 | 15% |
| Student > Master | 48 | 14% |
| Student > Bachelor | 47 | 13% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 27 | 8% |
| Student > Postgraduate | 19 | 5% |
| Other | 64 | 18% |
| Unknown | 95 | 27% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 80 | 23% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 39 | 11% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 33 | 9% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 23 | 7% |
| Neuroscience | 11 | 3% |
| Other | 55 | 16% |
| Unknown | 110 | 31% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2796. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 07 December 2023.
All research outputs
#2,558
of 25,848,962 outputs
Outputs from British Medical Journal
#69
of 65,153 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#22
of 326,081 outputs
Outputs of similar age from British Medical Journal
#3
of 864 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,848,962 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 99th percentile: it's in the top 5% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 65,153 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 45.2. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 326,081 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 864 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its contemporaries.