Title |
Population Genomics Reveal Recent Speciation and Rapid Evolutionary Adaptation in Polar Bears
|
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Published in |
Cell, May 2014
|
DOI | 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.054 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Shiping Liu, Eline D. Lorenzen, Matteo Fumagalli, Bo Li, Kelley Harris, Zijun Xiong, Long Zhou, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Mehmet Somel, Courtney Babbitt, Greg Wray, Jianwen Li, Weiming He, Zhuo Wang, Wenjing Fu, Xueyan Xiang, Claire C. Morgan, Aoife Doherty, Mary J. O’Connell, James O. McInerney, Erik W. Born, Love Dalén, Rune Dietz, Ludovic Orlando, Christian Sonne, Guojie Zhang, Rasmus Nielsen, Eske Willerslev, Jun Wang |
Abstract |
Polar bears are uniquely adapted to life in the High Arctic and have undergone drastic physiological changes in response to Arctic climates and a hyper-lipid diet of primarily marine mammal prey. We analyzed 89 complete genomes of polar bear and brown bear using population genomic modeling and show that the species diverged only 479-343 thousand years BP. We find that genes on the polar bear lineage have been under stronger positive selection than in brown bears; nine of the top 16 genes under strong positive selection are associated with cardiomyopathy and vascular disease, implying important reorganization of the cardiovascular system. One of the genes showing the strongest evidence of selection, APOB, encodes the primary lipoprotein component of low-density lipoprotein (LDL); functional mutations in APOB may explain how polar bears are able to cope with life-long elevated LDL levels that are associated with high risk of heart disease in humans. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 31 | 22% |
United Kingdom | 15 | 10% |
Ireland | 8 | 6% |
Japan | 6 | 4% |
France | 4 | 3% |
Mexico | 4 | 3% |
Sweden | 3 | 2% |
Australia | 3 | 2% |
Chile | 2 | 1% |
Other | 14 | 10% |
Unknown | 53 | 37% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 79 | 55% |
Scientists | 54 | 38% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 6 | 4% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 4 | 3% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 14 | 2% |
Germany | 4 | <1% |
Portugal | 2 | <1% |
Switzerland | 2 | <1% |
Netherlands | 2 | <1% |
Colombia | 2 | <1% |
Canada | 2 | <1% |
Denmark | 2 | <1% |
India | 2 | <1% |
Other | 14 | 2% |
Unknown | 819 | 95% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 206 | 24% |
Researcher | 143 | 17% |
Student > Bachelor | 104 | 12% |
Student > Master | 97 | 11% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 38 | 4% |
Other | 142 | 16% |
Unknown | 135 | 16% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 454 | 52% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 127 | 15% |
Environmental Science | 41 | 5% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 17 | 2% |
Engineering | 11 | 1% |
Other | 72 | 8% |
Unknown | 143 | 17% |