Title |
Metabolic Reprograming in Macrophage Polarization
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in immunology, September 2014
|
DOI | 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00420 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Silvia Galván-Peña, Luke A. J. O’Neill |
Abstract |
Studying the metabolism of immune cells in recent years has emphasized the tight link existing between the metabolic state and the phenotype of these cells. Macrophages in particular are a good example of this phenomenon. Whether the macrophage obtains its energy through glycolysis or through oxidative metabolism can give rise to different phenotypes. Classically activated or M1 macrophages are key players of the first line of defense against bacterial infections and are known to obtain energy through glycolysis. Alternatively activated or M2 macrophages on the other hand are involved in tissue repair and wound healing and use oxidative metabolism to fuel their longer-term functions. Metabolic intermediates, however, are not just a source of energy but can be directly implicated in a particular macrophage phenotype. In M1 macrophages, the Krebs cycle intermediate succinate regulates HIF1α, which is responsible for driving the sustained production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL1β. In M2 macrophages, the sedoheptulose kinase carbohydrate kinase-like protein is critical for regulating the pentose phosphate pathway. The potential to target these events and impact on disease is an exciting prospect. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 1 | 20% |
Switzerland | 1 | 20% |
Germany | 1 | 20% |
Unknown | 2 | 40% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 5 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 10 | 1% |
Germany | 3 | <1% |
Spain | 2 | <1% |
Canada | 2 | <1% |
Korea, Republic of | 1 | <1% |
India | 1 | <1% |
Sweden | 1 | <1% |
Austria | 1 | <1% |
Russia | 1 | <1% |
Other | 3 | <1% |
Unknown | 885 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Ph. D. Student | 204 | 22% |
Student > Master | 132 | 15% |
Researcher | 129 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 106 | 12% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 49 | 5% |
Other | 104 | 11% |
Unknown | 186 | 20% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 182 | 20% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 160 | 18% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 142 | 16% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 85 | 9% |
Neuroscience | 27 | 3% |
Other | 93 | 10% |
Unknown | 221 | 24% |