Title |
Genes, Gender, Hormones, and Doping in Sport: A Convoluted Tale
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in endocrinology, October 2017
|
DOI | 10.3389/fendo.2017.00251 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Alan D. Rogol, Lindsay Parks Pieper |
Abstract |
We are writing this piece in the aftermath of the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Each of the words in the title plays a role(s) in deciding who may compete, especially who may compete as a woman. We shall be careful to disentangle the issues of genes and gender from hormonal levels of the potent androgen testosterone, and very clearly demarcate these natural occurrences from those of doping, for which the World Anti-Doping Agency has established strict guidelines. These elements became conflated in the aftermath of the Court of Arbitration of Sport's decision, now more than 2 years ago, concerning the teenage Indian sprinter, Dutee Chand. Although many people associate hyperandrogenism with doping and gender determination, each is different and has a distinct function. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 4 | 16% |
United Kingdom | 1 | 4% |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 | 4% |
Australia | 1 | 4% |
Switzerland | 1 | 4% |
Brazil | 1 | 4% |
Japan | 1 | 4% |
Unknown | 15 | 60% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 19 | 76% |
Scientists | 6 | 24% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 49 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 9 | 18% |
Student > Master | 8 | 16% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 5 | 10% |
Researcher | 3 | 6% |
Student > Postgraduate | 3 | 6% |
Other | 5 | 10% |
Unknown | 16 | 33% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Sports and Recreations | 11 | 22% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 4 | 8% |
Social Sciences | 4 | 8% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 3 | 6% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 3 | 6% |
Other | 6 | 12% |
Unknown | 18 | 37% |