Title |
Pathogens Penetrating the Central Nervous System: Infection Pathways and the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Invasion
|
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Published in |
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, October 2014
|
DOI | 10.1128/cmr.00118-13 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Samantha J. Dando, Alan Mackay-Sim, Robert Norton, Bart J. Currie, James A. St. John, Jenny A. K. Ekberg, Michael Batzloff, Glen C. Ulett, Ifor R. Beacham |
Abstract |
The brain is well protected against microbial invasion by cellular barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In addition, cells within the central nervous system (CNS) are capable of producing an immune response against invading pathogens. Nonetheless, a range of pathogenic microbes make their way to the CNS, and the resulting infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Bacteria, amoebae, fungi, and viruses are capable of CNS invasion, with the latter using axonal transport as a common route of infection. In this review, we compare the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens reach the CNS and infect the brain. In particular, we focus on recent data regarding mechanisms of bacterial translocation from the nasal mucosa to the brain, which represents a little explored pathway of bacterial invasion but has been proposed as being particularly important in explaining how infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei can result in melioidosis encephalomyelitis. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Mexico | 6 | 9% |
India | 4 | 6% |
United States | 4 | 6% |
Pakistan | 2 | 3% |
Iraq | 1 | 2% |
Colombia | 1 | 2% |
Ukraine | 1 | 2% |
Germany | 1 | 2% |
Philippines | 1 | 2% |
Other | 8 | 12% |
Unknown | 37 | 56% |
Demographic breakdown
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---|---|---|
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Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 8 | 12% |
Scientists | 5 | 8% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 2 | <1% |
India | 1 | <1% |
Serbia | 1 | <1% |
Italy | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 486 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 75 | 15% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 69 | 14% |
Researcher | 55 | 11% |
Student > Master | 53 | 11% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 32 | 7% |
Other | 94 | 19% |
Unknown | 113 | 23% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
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Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 65 | 13% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 54 | 11% |
Neuroscience | 47 | 10% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 41 | 8% |
Other | 74 | 15% |
Unknown | 131 | 27% |