Paths to a New Europe

Chapter 1 Origins: Europe before 1648: Mid-century Crisis

Chapter 2 The French Challenge: Responses East and West, 1648–1721

Chapter 4 Enlightened Governments, their Conflicts and their Critics, 1763–1789

Chapter 5 Europe before 1789, and the Origins of the French Revolution

Chapter 6 The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815

Chapter 7 From Reaction Towards Liberalism, 1815–1848

Chapter 8 Nationalism, Socialism, Imperialism, 1848–1878

Chapter 9 The Clash of Empires and Classes, 1878–1914

Chapter 10 Europe before 1914: Origins of World War and the Russian Revolution

Chapter 11 The First World War and the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921

Chapter 12 Through Depression and Isolation towards Another World War, 1921–1939

Chapter 13 The Second World War and the Division of Europe, 1939–1945

Chapter 14 The Cold War and Decolonisation, 1945–1968

Chapter 15 Globalisation: Collapse in the East, Readjustment in the West, 1968–1991 and After