Title |
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Triggers Reactivation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus from Latency and Collaborates with HIV-1 Tat
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Published in |
PLOS ONE, February 2012
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DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0031652 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Qiao Tang, Di Qin, Zhigang Lv, Xiaolei Zhu, Xinting Ma, Qin Yan, Yi Zeng, Yuanyuan Guo, Ninghan Feng, Chun Lu |
Abstract |
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection was necessary but not sufficient for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) development without other cofactors. Previously, we identified that both human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) Tat and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) were important cofactors reactivating KSHV from latency. Here, we further investigated the potential of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) to influence KSHV replication and examined the role of Tat in this procedure. We demonstrated that HSV-2 was a potentially important factor in the pathogenesis of KS, as determined by production of lytic phase mRNA transcripts, viral proteins and infectious viral particles in BCBL-1 cells. These results were further confirmed by an RNA interference experiment using small interfering RNA targeting KSHV Rta and a luciferase reporter assay testing Rta promoter-driven luciferase activity. Mechanistic studies showed that HSV-2 infection activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Inhibition of NF-κB pathway enhanced HSV-2-mediated KSHV activation, whereas activation of NF-κB pathway suppressed KSHV replication in HSV-2-infected BCBL-1 cells. Additionally, ectopic expression of Tat enhanced HSV-2-induced KSHV replication. These novel findings suggest a role of HSV-2 in the pathogenesis of KS and provide the first laboratory evidence that Tat may participate HSV-2-mediated KSHV activation, implying the complicated pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related KS (AIDS-KS) patients. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Australia | 1 | 50% |
United States | 1 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 2 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Ghana | 1 | 3% |
Unknown | 28 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Ph. D. Student | 8 | 28% |
Student > Bachelor | 6 | 21% |
Researcher | 3 | 10% |
Student > Master | 3 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 2 | 7% |
Other | 3 | 10% |
Unknown | 4 | 14% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 13 | 45% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 4 | 14% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 3 | 10% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 2 | 7% |
Computer Science | 2 | 7% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 5 | 17% |