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Deep Sequencing for the Detection of Virus-Like Sequences in the Brains of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Detection of GBV-C in Human Brain

Overview of attention for article published in PLOS ONE, March 2012
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Title
Deep Sequencing for the Detection of Virus-Like Sequences in the Brains of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Detection of GBV-C in Human Brain
Published in
PLOS ONE, March 2012
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0031886
Pubmed ID
Authors

John D. Kriesel, Maurine R. Hobbs, Brandt B. Jones, Brett Milash, Rashed M. Nagra, Kael F. Fischer

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of unknown origin that affects the central nervous system of an estimated 400,000 Americans. GBV-C or hepatitis G is a flavivirus that is found in the serum of 1-2% of blood donors. It was originally associated with hepatitis, but is now believed to be a relatively non-pathogenic lymphotropic virus. Fifty frozen specimens from the brains of deceased persons affected by MS were obtained along with 15 normal control brain specimens. RNA was extracted and ribosomal RNAs were depleted before sequencing on the Illumina GAII. These 36 bp reads were compared with a non-redundant database derived from the 600,000+ viral sequences in GenBank organized into 4080 taxa. An individual read successfully aligned to the viral database was considered to be a "hit". Normalized MS specimen hit rates for each viral taxon were compared to the distribution of hits in the normal controls. Seventeen MS and 11 control brain extracts were sequenced, yielding 4-10 million sequences ("reads") each. Over-representation of sequence from at least one of 12 viral taxa was observed in 7 of the 17 MS samples. Sequences resembling other viruses previously implicated in the pathogenesis of MS were not significantly enriched in any of the diseased brain specimens. Sequences from GB virus C (GBV-C), a flavivirus not previously isolated from brain, were enriched in one of the MS samples. GBV-C in this brain specimen was confirmed by specific amplification in this single MS brain specimen, but not in the 30 other MS brain samples available. The entire 9.4 kb sequence of this GBV-C isolate is reported here. This study shows the feasibility of deep sequencing for the detection of occult viral infections in the brains of deceased persons with MS. The first isolation of GBV-C from human brain is reported here.

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Mendeley readers

Mendeley readers

The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 52 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.

Geographical breakdown

Country Count As %
United States 2 4%
Colombia 1 2%
French Polynesia 1 2%
Netherlands 1 2%
Uganda 1 2%
Unknown 46 88%

Demographic breakdown

Readers by professional status Count As %
Student > Ph. D. Student 14 27%
Researcher 10 19%
Student > Bachelor 6 12%
Professor 4 8%
Student > Master 3 6%
Other 8 15%
Unknown 7 13%
Readers by discipline Count As %
Agricultural and Biological Sciences 19 37%
Medicine and Dentistry 9 17%
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 5 10%
Immunology and Microbiology 3 6%
Engineering 2 4%
Other 6 12%
Unknown 8 15%
Attention Score in Context

Attention Score in Context

This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 1. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 29 July 2015.
All research outputs
#17,656,184
of 22,663,969 outputs
Outputs from PLOS ONE
#146,215
of 193,506 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#117,577
of 156,267 outputs
Outputs of similar age from PLOS ONE
#2,571
of 3,552 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 22,663,969 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 19th percentile – i.e., 19% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
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