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X Demographics
Mendeley readers
Attention Score in Context
| Title |
Measuring the Distribution of Spitefulness
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
PLOS ONE, August 2012
|
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0041812 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Erik O. Kimbrough, J. Philipp Reiss |
| Abstract |
Spiteful, antisocial behavior may undermine the moral and institutional fabric of society, producing disorder, fear, and mistrust. Previous research demonstrates the willingness of individuals to harm others, but little is understood about how far people are willing to go in being spiteful (relative to how far they could have gone) or their consistency in spitefulness across repeated trials. Our experiment is the first to provide individuals with repeated opportunities to spitefully harm anonymous others when the decision entails zero cost to the spiter and cannot be observed as such by the object of spite. This method reveals that the majority of individuals exhibit consistent (non-)spitefulness over time and that the distribution of spitefulness is bipolar: when choosing whether to be spiteful, most individuals either avoid spite altogether or impose the maximum possible harm on their unwitting victims. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 40 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 9 | 23% |
| United Kingdom | 3 | 8% |
| Sweden | 3 | 8% |
| United Arab Emirates | 1 | 3% |
| Netherlands | 1 | 3% |
| Canada | 1 | 3% |
| India | 1 | 3% |
| Ukraine | 1 | 3% |
| Chile | 1 | 3% |
| Other | 1 | 3% |
| Unknown | 18 | 45% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 27 | 68% |
| Scientists | 9 | 23% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 4 | 10% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 62 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 2 | 3% |
| Switzerland | 1 | 2% |
| Netherlands | 1 | 2% |
| Indonesia | 1 | 2% |
| Belgium | 1 | 2% |
| United States | 1 | 2% |
| Luxembourg | 1 | 2% |
| Unknown | 54 | 87% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 13 | 21% |
| Other | 9 | 15% |
| Researcher | 5 | 8% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 5 | 8% |
| Student > Bachelor | 5 | 8% |
| Other | 17 | 27% |
| Unknown | 8 | 13% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Psychology | 15 | 24% |
| Economics, Econometrics and Finance | 12 | 19% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 4 | 6% |
| Computer Science | 3 | 5% |
| Physics and Astronomy | 3 | 5% |
| Other | 11 | 18% |
| Unknown | 14 | 23% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 57. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 31 August 2021.
All research outputs
#769,075
of 25,867,969 outputs
Outputs from PLOS ONE
#10,176
of 225,574 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#3,944
of 186,966 outputs
Outputs of similar age from PLOS ONE
#138
of 4,224 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,867,969 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 97th percentile: it's in the top 5% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 225,574 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 15.9. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 95% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 186,966 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 97% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 4,224 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 96% of its contemporaries.