Immo Kleinschmidt, Abraham Peter Mnzava, Hmooda Toto Kafy, Charles Mbogo, Adam Ismail Bashir, Jude Bigoga, Alioun Adechoubou, Kamaraju Raghavendra, Tessa Bellamy Knox, Elfatih M Malik, Zinga José Nkuni, Nabie Bayoh, Eric Ochomo, Etienne Fondjo, Celestin Kouambeng, Herman Parfait Awono-Ambene, Josiane Etang, Martin Akogbeto, Rajendra Bhatt, Dipak K Swain, Teresa Kinyari, Kiambo Njagi, Lawrence Muthami, Krishanthi Subramaniam, John Bradley, Philippa West, Achile Massougbodji, Mariam Okê-Sopoh, Aurore Hounto, Khalid Elmardi, Neena Valecha, Luna Kamau, Evan Mathenge, Martin James Donnelly
Abstract
Progress in reducing the malaria disease burden through the substantial scale up of insecticide-based vector control in recent years could be reversed by the widespread emergence of insecticide resistance. The impact of insecticide resistance on the protective effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) is not known. A multi-country study was undertaken in Sudan, Kenya, India, Cameroon and Benin to quantify the potential loss of epidemiological effectiveness of ITNs and IRS due to decreased susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticides. The design of the study is described in this paper.
Malaria disease incidence rates by active case detection in cohorts of children, and indicators of insecticide resistance in local vectors were monitored in each of approximately 300 separate locations (clusters) with high coverage of malaria vector control over multiple malaria seasons. Phenotypic and genotypic resistance was assessed annually. In two countries, Sudan and India, clusters were randomly assigned to receive universal coverage of ITNs only, or universal coverage of ITNs combined with high coverage of IRS. Association between malaria incidence and insecticide resistance, and protective effectiveness of vector control methods and insecticide resistance were estimated, respectively.
Cohorts have been set up in all five countries, and phenotypic resistance data have been collected in all clusters. In Sudan, Kenya, Cameroon and Benin data collection is due to be completed in 2015. In India data collection will be completed in 2016.
The paper discusses challenges faced in the design and execution of the study, the analysis plan, the strengths and weaknesses, and the possible alternatives to the chosen study design.
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 4. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 29 August 2015.
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#9,019,463
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#2,558
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#42
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Altmetric has tracked 26,737,936 research outputs across all sources so far. This one has received more attention than most of these and is in the 66th percentile.
So far Altmetric has tracked 6,139 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 6.9. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 57% of its peers.
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