Chapter title |
Glycans as Vaccine Antigens and Adjuvants: Immunological Considerations
|
---|---|
Chapter number | 2 |
Book title |
Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines
|
Published in |
Methods in molecular biology, January 2015
|
DOI | 10.1007/978-1-4939-2874-3_2 |
Pubmed ID | |
Book ISBNs |
978-1-4939-2873-6, 978-1-4939-2874-3
|
Authors |
Stephanie Zimmermann, Bernd Lepenies, Zimmermann, Stephanie, Lepenies, Bernd |
Abstract |
Carbohydrates can be found on the cell surface of nearly every cell ranging from bacteria to fungi right up to mammalian cells. Carbohydrates and their interactions with carbohydrate-binding proteins play crucial roles in multiple biological processes including immunity, homeostasis, cellular communication, cell migration, and the regulation of serum glycoprotein levels. In the last decades, the interest in exploiting the biological activity of glycans as vaccine components has considerably increased. On the one hand, carbohydrates display epitopes to generate protective antibodies against pathogen-derived cell wall structures and on the other hand, glycans have the potential to stimulate the immune system; thus they can act as potent vaccine adjuvants.An effective vaccine consists of two major components, the vaccine antigen and an adjuvant. The vaccine antigen is an original or modified part of the pathogen that causes the disease. The immune response triggered by vaccination should induce antigen-specific plasma cells secreting protective antibodies as well as the development of memory T and B cells. Carbohydrate structures on pathogens represent an important class of antigens that can activate B cells to produce protective anti-carbohydrate antibodies in adults. A major breakthrough in vaccine development was the design of conjugate vaccines that evoke protective antibody responses against encapsulated bacteria strains such as Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Neisseria meningitidis in adults, but also in young children. The first part of this chapter focuses on immune responses triggered by carbohydrate-based vaccines. The second part of the chapter discusses the immunological mechanisms of carbohydrate-based adjuvants to increase the immunogenicity of vaccines. |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 22 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Master | 4 | 18% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 3 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 2 | 9% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 2 | 9% |
Researcher | 2 | 9% |
Other | 2 | 9% |
Unknown | 7 | 32% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 5 | 23% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 3 | 14% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 2 | 9% |
Chemical Engineering | 1 | 5% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 1 | 5% |
Other | 2 | 9% |
Unknown | 8 | 36% |